1 00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:10,400 God will protect you, Mary. 2 00:00:12,520 --> 00:00:14,760 Previously in The Real War of Thrones. 3 00:00:21,920 --> 00:00:26,500 In Europe, the son of Holy Roman Emperor Philip of Fane had married the Catholic 4 00:00:26,500 --> 00:00:28,220 Queen of England, Mary Tudor. 5 00:00:30,540 --> 00:00:35,120 You look splendid, madam. It has been too long since I was at your side. In 6 00:00:35,120 --> 00:00:38,080 name of their faith, they had persecuted the English Protestants. 7 00:00:43,150 --> 00:00:45,630 But Mary had failed to give her kingdom an heir. 8 00:00:46,870 --> 00:00:53,670 And she could not prevent her half -sister Elizabeth from ascending to 9 00:00:53,670 --> 00:00:57,450 power. I promise to govern according to my conviction. 10 00:00:58,250 --> 00:01:01,370 Her coronation triggered the fury of the King of France. 11 00:01:03,810 --> 00:01:09,110 By marrying his son to the young Queen of Scotland, Mary Stuart, Henry II had 12 00:01:09,110 --> 00:01:10,410 claimed the crown of Scotland. 13 00:01:12,810 --> 00:01:18,650 and hoped to one day reign over England, for the young Mary Queen of Scots also 14 00:01:18,650 --> 00:01:20,370 laid claim to the English crown. 15 00:01:21,510 --> 00:01:24,130 Our niece is the true successor of the throne of England. 16 00:01:24,690 --> 00:01:26,210 They will not get away with it. 17 00:01:35,870 --> 00:01:40,330 In the second half of the 16th century... 18 00:01:41,130 --> 00:01:42,270 Religion was the law. 19 00:01:46,550 --> 00:01:48,810 England had a new Protestant queen. 20 00:01:51,210 --> 00:01:55,070 The Queen of Scotland, now Queen of France, was on the point of losing 21 00:01:55,070 --> 00:01:56,070 everything. 22 00:01:58,490 --> 00:02:02,170 The King of France had a hard time ensuring peace in his kingdom. 23 00:02:04,090 --> 00:02:08,690 But an event was about to reshuffle the cards and redeal the throne. 24 00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:08,460 In the spring of 1559, the court followed the King of France to visit his 25 00:03:08,460 --> 00:03:12,700 mistress, Diane de Poitiers, at the Chateau d 'Arnette, to the west of 26 00:03:22,140 --> 00:03:24,780 Diane was once the governess of Henry II. 27 00:03:25,100 --> 00:03:28,260 During his adolescence, she became his great lover. 28 00:03:29,390 --> 00:03:35,050 Dion was 60 years old, 20 years older than the king, but she was still 29 00:03:35,050 --> 00:03:37,810 celebrated as the most beautiful woman in the kingdom. 30 00:03:43,250 --> 00:03:47,690 A beauty she retained, they say, from drinking concoctions of gold. 31 00:03:51,150 --> 00:03:53,350 The king was crazy about her. 32 00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:15,900 At the Chateau d 'Arnette, which Diane de Poitiers had built to her glory and 33 00:04:15,900 --> 00:04:22,420 that of her king, there is a love letter from Henry II to his mistress, a letter 34 00:04:22,420 --> 00:04:24,980 in which one can sense his passion for her. 35 00:04:28,220 --> 00:04:31,700 He writes, Good evening, my dear love. 36 00:04:32,180 --> 00:04:34,440 Should I sleep, I shall dream of you. 37 00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:37,660 Should I lie awake, I shall dream of you too. 38 00:04:38,950 --> 00:04:44,550 Please receive, therefore, one million kisses from me. And it's sign H for 39 00:04:44,550 --> 00:04:48,410 Henry, surrounded by the barred S's, the sign of loyalty. 40 00:04:49,830 --> 00:04:55,610 This letter is proof that King Henry of France cannot live without Dion, either 41 00:04:55,610 --> 00:04:57,210 romantically or politically. 42 00:04:57,730 --> 00:04:59,350 A penny for your thoughts? 43 00:05:01,530 --> 00:05:02,670 No, it's nothing. 44 00:05:03,770 --> 00:05:05,450 Just thinking of my hopes. 45 00:05:06,030 --> 00:05:07,130 What hopes? 46 00:05:09,090 --> 00:05:11,750 To see my children in the biggest royal houses. 47 00:05:14,230 --> 00:05:16,390 My son as husband of the Queen of Scots. 48 00:05:17,070 --> 00:05:19,290 And my daughter the future Queen of Spain. 49 00:05:21,370 --> 00:05:24,310 Love and politics, two sides of the same coin, my friend. 50 00:05:24,650 --> 00:05:26,550 Nobody knows that better than me. 51 00:05:36,520 --> 00:05:38,440 The love affair with Dion was heartbreaking. 52 00:05:55,580 --> 00:06:00,720 Since her marriage to Henry at 19 years old, Catherine's main role had been to 53 00:06:00,720 --> 00:06:02,160 provide children for the crown. 54 00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:04,420 She was pregnant ten times. 55 00:06:08,720 --> 00:06:14,720 At 40, her beauty had faded, but the queen still loved her husband 56 00:06:26,060 --> 00:06:29,400 Catherine de' Medici raised her children at the Chateau de Blois. 57 00:06:31,100 --> 00:06:34,900 Through her superstition, she has an observatory built there. 58 00:06:35,920 --> 00:06:41,020 In the 16th century, they are convinced that the stars determine the course of 59 00:06:41,020 --> 00:06:42,020 events. 60 00:06:43,180 --> 00:06:49,740 Here, Catherine is visited by astrologers, such as the Italian Cosimo 61 00:06:49,740 --> 00:06:51,180 the famous Nostradamus. 62 00:06:51,740 --> 00:06:55,500 But their predictions are often more harrowing than heartening. 63 00:07:09,390 --> 00:07:15,410 On the last night of June 1559, Catherine de' Medici had a nightmare. 64 00:07:18,530 --> 00:07:25,090 After reading the prophecies of Nostradamus, she saw her husband, King 65 00:07:25,290 --> 00:07:26,930 bathed in his blood. 66 00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:42,540 The next day, a celebration chased the bad dream away. 67 00:07:46,160 --> 00:07:51,100 The king of France had organized a tournament in Paris to celebrate the 68 00:07:51,100 --> 00:07:52,740 of his daughter to the king of Spain. 69 00:08:02,560 --> 00:08:06,540 King Henry II was a skilled jouster and a keen performer. 70 00:08:11,630 --> 00:08:16,550 The king saw off one opponent after the next. He was tired after a long day. 71 00:08:16,810 --> 00:08:20,950 But he insisted on one final tilt. 72 00:08:21,510 --> 00:08:26,650 His next adversary was a young captain from the king's Scottish guard, Gabriel 73 00:08:26,650 --> 00:08:27,870 the Count of Montgomery. 74 00:08:45,070 --> 00:08:49,010 When his opponent's lance broke, it exploded into a massive splinter. 75 00:08:51,190 --> 00:08:54,050 Five of them went through his eye and his temples. 76 00:08:54,810 --> 00:09:00,190 When Montgomery begged the king's forgiveness, Henry II uttered these 77 00:09:00,490 --> 00:09:03,970 I don't blame... I don't blame you. 78 00:09:04,390 --> 00:09:11,150 I... You... You are following orders. 79 00:09:18,060 --> 00:09:19,240 I've nothing to forgive. 80 00:09:28,620 --> 00:09:35,160 King Henry II was taken to the Hotel de Tournelle, where his physician 81 00:09:35,160 --> 00:09:37,540 Ambroise Paré tended to his wounds. 82 00:09:50,380 --> 00:09:54,480 The splinters of wood were removed, but an abscess soon formed. 83 00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:12,920 Queen Catherine de' Medici was devastated. Her bad dream had turned out 84 00:10:12,920 --> 00:10:13,920 prediction. 85 00:10:21,040 --> 00:10:25,200 But the queen's deep sorrow didn't allow her to put aside her rivalry with Diane 86 00:10:25,200 --> 00:10:26,200 de Poitiers. 87 00:10:32,660 --> 00:10:33,940 How dare you! 88 00:10:35,160 --> 00:10:36,160 Leave us! 89 00:10:36,820 --> 00:10:40,960 As revenge, she refused her access to the king's bedside. 90 00:10:43,600 --> 00:10:47,420 Henry II's mistress would never see her royal lover again. 91 00:10:47,700 --> 00:10:49,420 She left the French court. 92 00:10:49,790 --> 00:10:50,790 and never return. 93 00:10:57,330 --> 00:11:03,370 King Henry II died in Paris on July 10, 1559, at the age of 40. 94 00:11:04,210 --> 00:11:07,190 His reign had lasted just over 12 years. 95 00:11:07,970 --> 00:11:11,850 His life was worthy of a novel with an unhappy childhood in prison, 96 00:11:12,610 --> 00:11:18,670 a burning passion until his dying breath, and a tragic end. 97 00:11:19,340 --> 00:11:25,840 To everyone, except the Protestants he persecuted, Henry II was a good king who 98 00:11:25,840 --> 00:11:29,260 extended his country's borders and made peace with his enemies. 99 00:11:32,060 --> 00:11:36,000 The announcement of his death sent shivers throughout Europe. 100 00:11:43,680 --> 00:11:48,040 Across the Channel, the succession of the French crown sent ripples. 101 00:11:48,320 --> 00:11:49,320 through the court of England. 102 00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:56,660 Madame, on the 18th of September in the year of our Lord, 1559, His Majesty the 103 00:11:56,660 --> 00:12:00,600 King of France, Francois, succeeded his father and was crowned in Reims 104 00:12:00,600 --> 00:12:01,600 Cathedral. 105 00:12:03,740 --> 00:12:09,440 His wife, your cousin, Mary Stuart, has been proclaimed Queen of France, 106 00:12:09,440 --> 00:12:11,120 Scotland, England and Ireland. 107 00:12:14,140 --> 00:12:15,140 The French. 108 00:12:15,530 --> 00:12:18,210 saw Mary Stuart as the true Queen of England. 109 00:12:20,830 --> 00:12:23,830 Reading these words, Elizabeth's anger grew. 110 00:12:25,190 --> 00:12:29,410 She knew that if she didn't provide her country with an heir, her legitimate 111 00:12:29,410 --> 00:12:32,470 successor would be Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. 112 00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:54,800 The reason why the new Queen of France had designs on Elizabeth's throne was 113 00:12:54,800 --> 00:13:00,060 that the two queens shared the same ancestor, Henry VII, the first of the 114 00:13:00,060 --> 00:13:01,060 kings. 115 00:13:01,300 --> 00:13:04,900 But while Mary was Catholic, Elizabeth was Protestant. 116 00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:17,300 At 26, Elizabeth I was a determined woman of exceptional intelligence. 117 00:13:18,960 --> 00:13:24,040 Long regarded as illegitimate, the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn 118 00:13:24,040 --> 00:13:27,640 become a woman king in a world dominated by men. 119 00:13:47,880 --> 00:13:52,800 From the moment of her accession, Elizabeth's succession was a major worry 120 00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:53,800 her government. 121 00:14:05,320 --> 00:14:10,720 Her advisors often suggested the names of princes or monarchs who would make a 122 00:14:10,720 --> 00:14:11,720 suitable husband. 123 00:14:23,180 --> 00:14:25,120 But Elizabeth refused them all. 124 00:14:26,320 --> 00:14:29,580 This is how she justified her decision to reject marriage. 125 00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:42,340 I am already married to the Kingdom of England, and that will have to suffice. 126 00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:45,640 Do not reproach me for my lack of child. 127 00:14:46,280 --> 00:14:51,020 All of you, and all the subjects of this realm, are my children. 128 00:14:51,880 --> 00:14:57,440 For the memory and for the glory of my name, when I have exhaled my last 129 00:14:57,680 --> 00:15:04,100 I want written in marble, here lies Elizabeth, who, having reigned such a 130 00:15:04,260 --> 00:15:06,460 lived and died a virgin. 131 00:15:13,520 --> 00:15:18,440 Elizabeth preferred to remain single rather than marry a man who would take 132 00:15:18,440 --> 00:15:19,440 crown. 133 00:15:30,960 --> 00:15:36,040 The first to ask for her hand was the widower of her dead sister Queen Mary 134 00:15:36,040 --> 00:15:41,100 Tudor King Philip the second proposed to Elizabeth hoping to continue the 135 00:15:41,100 --> 00:15:43,060 alliance between England and Spain 136 00:15:43,060 --> 00:15:52,380 But 137 00:15:52,380 --> 00:15:58,600 she refused his offer This was a grave mistake 138 00:15:59,240 --> 00:16:03,560 as the Catholic King of Spain would devote his reign to eliminating 139 00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:04,560 from Europe. 140 00:16:14,280 --> 00:16:18,440 Protestants also risked being burned at the stake in the Catholic Kingdom of 141 00:16:18,440 --> 00:16:19,440 France. 142 00:16:22,500 --> 00:16:26,640 But in the name of God, the Huguenots, as they were called, would stop at 143 00:16:26,640 --> 00:16:28,320 nothing to practice their religion. 144 00:16:43,150 --> 00:16:48,190 Among commoners and the aristocracy, the Geneva Bible translated into French in 145 00:16:48,190 --> 00:16:52,610 part by the leader of the reformers, John Calvin, could easily be slipped 146 00:16:52,610 --> 00:16:53,610 a coat. 147 00:16:58,430 --> 00:17:03,310 Now everyone could read the Bible without needing a priest as middleman. 148 00:17:04,650 --> 00:17:06,730 This seriously upset the clergy. 149 00:17:13,450 --> 00:17:18,069 In Catholic France during the Renaissance, the hunt for heretics was 150 00:17:25,849 --> 00:17:31,550 In Paris, a huge network of spies bent on unmasking Protestants was at work. 151 00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:47,520 All were in the pay of the two most powerful men in the kingdom, the Guise 152 00:17:47,520 --> 00:17:50,960 brothers, closest advisors to the King of France. 153 00:17:51,780 --> 00:17:55,500 These ultra -Catholics had sworn to burn all heretics. 154 00:18:10,540 --> 00:18:14,240 Francis of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, and his brother, Cardinal Charles of 155 00:18:14,240 --> 00:18:17,820 Lorraine, were now the uncontested masters of the kingdom. 156 00:18:18,740 --> 00:18:22,620 The Guise brothers, as they were known, took advantage of their close 157 00:18:22,620 --> 00:18:27,160 relationship with the new Queen of France to influence the king. After all, 158 00:18:27,160 --> 00:18:29,700 was none other than their niece, Mary, Queen of France. 159 00:18:32,440 --> 00:18:33,440 Francois. 160 00:18:34,420 --> 00:18:35,440 Francois, sit down. 161 00:18:36,960 --> 00:18:37,960 Breathe. 162 00:18:38,520 --> 00:18:39,520 Breathe. 163 00:18:40,270 --> 00:18:44,650 At 15, the young King Francis was a listless, fragile adolescent. 164 00:18:45,110 --> 00:18:46,710 But he listened to his wife. 165 00:18:48,350 --> 00:18:49,950 I need to see my counsel. 166 00:18:52,590 --> 00:18:53,810 You're too weak. 167 00:18:54,690 --> 00:18:57,250 Rest and leave the thorny details to my uncle. 168 00:19:01,470 --> 00:19:04,090 His health seriously worried the young queen. 169 00:19:04,350 --> 00:19:08,170 She was not in love with Francis, but they had been friends since childhood. 170 00:19:09,260 --> 00:19:12,580 Mary knew that her husband listened favorably to her advice. 171 00:19:23,160 --> 00:19:26,040 No doctor knew what really ailed Francis. 172 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:31,480 As winter approached, they prescribed fresh air. 173 00:19:31,980 --> 00:19:36,660 So the whole court decamped to the Chateau d 'Amboise in the Loire Valley, 174 00:19:36,660 --> 00:19:38,380 stronghold known for its security. 175 00:19:39,790 --> 00:19:44,170 But Francis II didn't suspect that another threat hung over him. 176 00:20:05,810 --> 00:20:11,410 In the middle of the night, On February 22nd, 1560, in the grounds of the 177 00:20:11,410 --> 00:20:16,750 Chateau d 'Amboise, the young King Francis and Queen Mary of France were 178 00:20:16,750 --> 00:20:17,930 to the Royal Lodge. 179 00:20:22,790 --> 00:20:24,030 Stay there, Your Majesty. 180 00:20:25,770 --> 00:20:27,970 Are you going to finally tell us what is going on? 181 00:20:29,130 --> 00:20:33,010 There are heretics at the gates of the town. We need to get you to safety. 182 00:20:35,820 --> 00:20:38,020 This removed them from the Guise influence. 183 00:20:38,460 --> 00:20:42,920 Protestant conspirators had tried to kidnap the King and Queen of France. 184 00:20:43,320 --> 00:20:47,540 But the plot, known as the Ombois Conspiracy, was a failure. 185 00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:02,900 On March 19, 186 00:21:03,680 --> 00:21:06,880 The Huguenot plotters were arrested by the Duke of Guise men. 187 00:21:18,140 --> 00:21:19,940 The rebels were then tortured. 188 00:21:21,580 --> 00:21:25,880 The Duke of Guise wanted them to divulge the names of the other conspirators 189 00:21:25,880 --> 00:21:26,880 involved in the plot. 190 00:21:49,800 --> 00:21:54,360 After hours of torture, the prisoners died without naming their leader. 191 00:21:57,160 --> 00:22:00,020 Their bodies were then thrown into the Loire. 192 00:22:13,420 --> 00:22:16,740 The head conspirators, all noblemen, were beheaded. 193 00:22:45,320 --> 00:22:51,760 Others were hanged from here, now known as the balcon des pendus, the hanged 194 00:22:51,760 --> 00:22:52,760 man's balcony. 195 00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:19,460 These executions traumatized the young Mary Stuart and her royal court. 196 00:23:25,380 --> 00:23:28,620 But to the Guises, they were a source of pride. 197 00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:37,960 While the Guises continued their investigation to find the brains behind 198 00:23:37,960 --> 00:23:43,330 Amboise conspiracy, a rumor reached them that Queen Elizabeth of England, had 199 00:23:43,330 --> 00:23:44,410 been aware of the plot. 200 00:23:54,750 --> 00:23:59,850 Rumors also circulated that England was planning to support European Protestants 201 00:23:59,850 --> 00:24:01,070 against the Catholics. 202 00:24:02,370 --> 00:24:06,910 Queen Elizabeth had forbidden Mass and the raising of the Eucharist in churches 203 00:24:06,910 --> 00:24:08,110 throughout her kingdom. 204 00:24:15,480 --> 00:24:19,100 Everywhere, relics and other Catholic symbols had been removed. 205 00:24:21,520 --> 00:24:25,940 English Catholics now had to celebrate Mass in strict secrecy. 206 00:24:50,730 --> 00:24:52,370 Madam, the Catholics will rebel. 207 00:24:52,590 --> 00:24:55,330 You need to make an example of them. Burn them. 208 00:24:55,610 --> 00:24:57,410 For the love of God, be quiet, man. 209 00:24:58,990 --> 00:25:02,590 During my sister's reign, too many people died for their faith. 210 00:25:03,430 --> 00:25:08,010 While I am queen, no one will die for their religious convictions. 211 00:25:13,610 --> 00:25:16,650 Elizabeth was what one might call a moderate Protestant. 212 00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:22,400 Though she did not hesitate to blaspheme through the many curses she uttered, 213 00:25:22,420 --> 00:25:26,700 for her private prayers, she kept the crucifix and the candles. 214 00:25:27,620 --> 00:25:30,060 Her advisors were much more radical. 215 00:25:31,160 --> 00:25:35,860 They were obsessed with preventing Mary, Queen of Scotland and France, from ever 216 00:25:35,860 --> 00:25:37,060 taking the crown of England. 217 00:25:40,100 --> 00:25:44,560 They needed to convince Elizabeth to help the Protestants of Scotland take 218 00:25:44,560 --> 00:25:45,560 throne. 219 00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:53,380 Cecil, I'm waiting. 220 00:25:54,220 --> 00:25:55,580 Your thoughts on Scotland? 221 00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:02,520 As I have said a hundred times, Your Majesty, we need to drive the French 222 00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:04,740 Scotland and place a Protestant on the throne. 223 00:26:08,760 --> 00:26:09,880 They do not like war. 224 00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:20,420 Pressured by her advisors, Elizabeth eventually agreed to their demands. 225 00:26:23,790 --> 00:26:28,490 She begrudgingly agreed to send troops to help the Protestants take the 226 00:26:28,490 --> 00:26:29,730 Regency by force. 227 00:26:38,650 --> 00:26:44,770 In April 1560, 7 ,200 horsemen arrived to the south of Edinburgh. 228 00:26:47,890 --> 00:26:52,090 Facing them were 6 ,000 Frenchmen, allies of the Scots. 229 00:26:53,870 --> 00:26:57,770 Not many, but enough to wipe out Elizabeth's English army. 230 00:27:43,760 --> 00:27:47,260 Elizabeth was crushed when she heard of her troops' defeat in Scotland. 231 00:27:48,520 --> 00:27:50,820 This defeat is not worthy of a Tudor. 232 00:27:54,440 --> 00:27:58,500 Worse still, a furious France threatened to declare war. 233 00:28:01,560 --> 00:28:04,020 But one piece of news changed everything. 234 00:28:08,520 --> 00:28:12,320 Madam, the Scottish Regent Mary de Guise has died in Edinburgh. 235 00:28:13,240 --> 00:28:16,680 Francois' ambassador wishes to discuss peace with you, Majesty. 236 00:28:31,840 --> 00:28:37,060 The death of the Catholic Mary of Guise in Edinburgh Castle on June 10th, 1560 237 00:28:37,060 --> 00:28:39,560 opened the door for Scottish Protestants. 238 00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:45,600 This was also a catastrophe for the King of France, because his wife, Mary, 239 00:28:45,680 --> 00:28:48,200 Queen of Scots, could now lose her Scottish crown. 240 00:28:49,140 --> 00:28:54,500 So Francis II negotiated and agreed to recognize Elizabeth as the Queen of 241 00:28:54,500 --> 00:28:59,320 England, on condition his wife, Mary, was recognized as Queen of Scotland. 242 00:29:04,020 --> 00:29:05,240 Elizabeth agreed. 243 00:29:11,240 --> 00:29:15,900 But when the so -called Treaty of Edinburgh finally arrived in France, 244 00:29:15,900 --> 00:29:17,260 refused to sign it. 245 00:29:19,460 --> 00:29:23,200 Because Elizabeth was still supporting the Protestants against him. 246 00:29:40,040 --> 00:29:45,520 In Fontainebleau, not far from Paris, the Guise were still trying to find and 247 00:29:45,520 --> 00:29:48,440 unmask the mastermind behind the Amboise conspiracy. 248 00:29:50,480 --> 00:29:53,000 They now had a very serious lead. 249 00:29:54,380 --> 00:29:56,780 If you want to live, pull. 250 00:30:29,740 --> 00:30:30,740 Put it near the fire. 251 00:30:41,040 --> 00:30:46,420 A secret message written in invisible ink revealed that a Bourbon was behind 252 00:30:46,420 --> 00:30:47,420 plot to kill the king. 253 00:30:52,360 --> 00:30:56,640 Antoine de Bourbon, king of Navarre, and his brother, Louis de Bourbon, prince 254 00:30:56,640 --> 00:30:57,549 of Condé. 255 00:30:57,550 --> 00:31:00,010 were descendants of the sainted King Louis IX. 256 00:31:00,530 --> 00:31:04,010 Princes of the blood, they belonged to a junior branch of the House of France 257 00:31:04,010 --> 00:31:07,630 and could lay claim to the throne if the Valois were to die out. 258 00:31:14,830 --> 00:31:20,290 A spy named Lassague admitted that the Prince of Condé was one of the leaders 259 00:31:20,290 --> 00:31:21,290 the Protestant rebellion. 260 00:31:24,110 --> 00:31:27,790 And that his plan was to eliminate the Guises' influence on the king. 261 00:31:32,950 --> 00:31:37,330 The Guises finally had proof that the leader of the Protestant rebellion was a 262 00:31:37,330 --> 00:31:38,330 Bourbon. 263 00:31:42,010 --> 00:31:46,630 Now all they had to do was convince King Francis II to arrest their avowed 264 00:31:46,630 --> 00:31:47,630 enemy. 265 00:32:04,300 --> 00:32:09,640 On October 30, 1560, Antoine de Bourbon and his brother, the Prince of Condé, 266 00:32:09,780 --> 00:32:11,300 arrived in Orléans. 267 00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:13,400 They had been summoned by the king. 268 00:32:18,720 --> 00:32:19,720 Let's go. 269 00:32:23,640 --> 00:32:28,320 The two brothers were aware that their future would be played out behind the 270 00:32:28,320 --> 00:32:30,500 walls of the Hotel Gros Lot in Orléans. 271 00:32:34,410 --> 00:32:38,770 If they failed to prove their innocence before King Francis, they would be 272 00:32:38,770 --> 00:32:40,710 arrested and possibly executed. 273 00:32:50,830 --> 00:32:55,430 According to eyewitnesses, the scene apparently proceeded like this. 274 00:32:59,990 --> 00:33:05,030 In the king's chamber, The king's mother and the Guise brothers attended the 275 00:33:05,030 --> 00:33:06,030 decisive meeting. 276 00:33:17,210 --> 00:33:23,030 A pale -faced King Francis appeared cold and distant to his cousins, treating 277 00:33:23,030 --> 00:33:24,890 them as if they were mere vassals. 278 00:33:33,130 --> 00:33:36,470 The scene had been carefully staged by the Guise brothers. 279 00:33:37,530 --> 00:33:42,350 The brothers left the room to avoid compromising themselves and so the king 280 00:33:42,350 --> 00:33:44,430 could play the part they had written for him. 281 00:33:47,030 --> 00:33:53,430 Sir, I've called you here because you have been implicated in a plot against 282 00:33:53,430 --> 00:33:56,770 person and the state. 283 00:33:58,850 --> 00:34:00,010 I want the truth. 284 00:34:03,779 --> 00:34:07,600 Sire, everything I'm accused of is nothing more than lies. 285 00:34:10,239 --> 00:34:15,840 Just as the geezers planned, the king informed them of Lesage's confession and 286 00:34:15,840 --> 00:34:19,360 the accusations leveled against them regarding the ombroir's conspiracy. 287 00:34:22,100 --> 00:34:26,420 Condé denied taking up arms against the king, but he admitted wanting to 288 00:34:26,420 --> 00:34:27,500 overthrow the geezers. 289 00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:31,760 Sire, I do admit I have links to the court. 290 00:34:32,969 --> 00:34:36,670 But only with the aim to maintain the rights to my family's land. 291 00:34:37,630 --> 00:34:39,330 Because that land was stolen. 292 00:34:40,429 --> 00:34:43,429 Spoiled. By the ambitions of the Lorraines. 293 00:34:46,389 --> 00:34:47,389 Guard. 294 00:34:49,429 --> 00:34:50,429 Arrest this man. 295 00:34:53,210 --> 00:34:54,210 Dyer, Dyer. 296 00:34:54,350 --> 00:34:55,969 I'll answer for him all my life. 297 00:34:58,250 --> 00:35:02,810 But Antoine de Bourbon realized that the arrest of his brother, Condé, had been 298 00:35:02,810 --> 00:35:05,530 planned by the king and the guises well before their arrival. 299 00:35:07,030 --> 00:35:08,030 Go, my brother. 300 00:35:09,690 --> 00:35:10,690 Obey our king. 301 00:35:32,230 --> 00:35:35,710 The Hotel Grosleau in Orléans, where this scene unfolded, was completely 302 00:35:35,710 --> 00:35:37,630 redecorated in the 14th century. 303 00:35:38,930 --> 00:35:42,510 It was here that the health of King Francis declined alarmingly. 304 00:35:59,280 --> 00:36:04,380 King Francis was suffering from a tumor behind the ear, from which pus flowed 305 00:36:04,380 --> 00:36:05,380 continuously. 306 00:36:08,160 --> 00:36:11,500 Queen Mary was so worried she didn't leave his bedside. 307 00:36:12,420 --> 00:36:17,240 She knew that if the king died without an heir, then she too would lose the 308 00:36:17,240 --> 00:36:18,240 crown of France. 309 00:36:23,320 --> 00:36:26,620 Rumors circulated that Francis had been poisoned by the Huguenots. 310 00:36:27,120 --> 00:36:29,180 the Guise reinforced the king's guard. 311 00:36:29,960 --> 00:36:34,720 In a bid to save him, Ambroise Paré, the world's leading physician, was called 312 00:36:34,720 --> 00:36:35,720 to his bedside. 313 00:36:42,520 --> 00:36:43,060 After 314 00:36:43,060 --> 00:36:49,880 diagnosing 315 00:36:49,880 --> 00:36:54,260 the abscess in his ear, the doctor warned the Duke of Guise that the king 316 00:36:54,260 --> 00:36:55,520 only days to live. 317 00:37:00,970 --> 00:37:05,610 It was known throughout the kingdom that King Francis' brother was still too 318 00:37:05,610 --> 00:37:09,070 young to succeed him and that a regency council would be set up. 319 00:37:10,130 --> 00:37:16,430 But who between Francis of Guise and Antoine de Bourbon had the most 320 00:37:16,430 --> 00:37:18,430 claim on the regency of France? 321 00:37:34,380 --> 00:37:40,700 One night in December 1560, Antoine de Bourbon was invited to the apartments of 322 00:37:40,700 --> 00:37:43,240 the king's mother, Queen Catherine de' Medici. 323 00:37:46,120 --> 00:37:47,340 Enter, my friend. 324 00:37:48,480 --> 00:37:52,440 To his great surprise, the queen had also summoned the guises. 325 00:37:53,360 --> 00:37:54,360 Majesty. 326 00:37:59,380 --> 00:38:04,460 Antoine felt that as cousin to the king and a prince of royal blood, He had the 327 00:38:04,460 --> 00:38:08,180 most legitimate claim on the regency, should King Francis die. 328 00:38:08,660 --> 00:38:15,660 For the peace of the kingdom, I am asking of you, my cousin, Antoine de 329 00:38:15,660 --> 00:38:22,300 Bourbon, to formally renounce any intentions you have to the regency. 330 00:38:32,560 --> 00:38:35,060 Even if the Estates General are encouraging you. 331 00:38:39,320 --> 00:38:45,180 And if my son Francois dies, I ask you to support his brother, the Duke of 332 00:38:45,180 --> 00:38:46,180 Anjou. 333 00:38:47,780 --> 00:38:50,880 Is this clear, my cousin? 334 00:38:53,200 --> 00:38:57,760 Catherine de' Medici was as distrustful of the Bourbons as she was the Guises. 335 00:39:00,750 --> 00:39:06,990 Weary of their rivalry, she appointed herself regent and insisted that Antoine 336 00:39:06,990 --> 00:39:10,090 de Bourbon and the Guises make friends in front of her. 337 00:39:51,440 --> 00:39:55,860 And now, reconciled, I ask for your signature. 338 00:40:04,140 --> 00:40:09,380 This was an utter humiliation for the geezers. She also obtained assurances 339 00:40:09,380 --> 00:40:13,520 the Bourbon prince that he would renounce all claim to the throne of 340 00:40:29,450 --> 00:40:34,670 To complete her coup d 'etat, Catherine de' Medici had her dying son sign a 341 00:40:34,670 --> 00:40:39,110 decree announcing the accession to the throne of his younger brother Charles, 342 00:40:39,370 --> 00:40:44,490 Duke of Anjou, and the confirmation of Catherine's appointment as regent of the 343 00:40:44,490 --> 00:40:46,690 kingdom until Charles came of age. 344 00:40:47,790 --> 00:40:49,670 The Guises had lost. 345 00:40:55,750 --> 00:40:58,430 Catherine was a decisive and ambitious woman. 346 00:40:58,780 --> 00:41:05,220 But since her coronation, she had always been pushed into second place, both as 347 00:41:05,220 --> 00:41:10,200 a wife by Dion de Poitiers and as a politician by the Guises. 348 00:41:12,240 --> 00:41:14,820 Now, revenge was within her grasp. 349 00:41:27,150 --> 00:41:32,510 On December 5, 1560, at the Hotel Gros -Lau, in this room, which was once 350 00:41:32,510 --> 00:41:35,310 Francis's bedchamber, the king lay dying. 351 00:41:37,410 --> 00:41:41,930 This painting by Dupuis, painted in the nineteenth century, shows him surrounded 352 00:41:41,930 --> 00:41:46,890 by his young wife Mary Stuart, the Guises, and his mother, Queen Catherine 353 00:41:46,970 --> 00:41:47,970 Medici. 354 00:41:48,950 --> 00:41:53,950 Legend has it that before his death, Dr. Ambroise Paré suggested trepanning the 355 00:41:53,950 --> 00:41:54,950 king. 356 00:41:55,210 --> 00:42:00,090 But Catherine de' Medici refused, saying that only God had the right to look 357 00:42:00,090 --> 00:42:01,210 inside a king's head. 358 00:42:04,650 --> 00:42:09,330 Francis II died in excruciating pain. He was 16 years old. 359 00:42:13,490 --> 00:42:16,790 He will forever be remembered as the husband of Mary Stuart. 360 00:42:17,610 --> 00:42:21,650 She now had no choice but to try and reclaim her Scottish crown. 361 00:42:42,830 --> 00:42:47,330 For months following the death of her husband, Mary locked herself away to 362 00:42:47,330 --> 00:42:51,270 mourn. She wore all white, the French tradition at the time. 363 00:42:58,270 --> 00:43:03,870 Pupil and muse to Pierre Ronsard since her childhood, she wrote poems suffused 364 00:43:03,870 --> 00:43:05,010 with her sincere sorrow. 365 00:43:08,370 --> 00:43:11,230 My heart feels endless grief for his loss. 366 00:43:12,640 --> 00:43:15,480 Sometimes in such a place his image comes to me. 367 00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:19,660 I see his sweet smiling face upon a cloud. 368 00:43:24,380 --> 00:43:28,940 At the announcement of her widowhood, many of Europe's kings proposed marriage 369 00:43:28,940 --> 00:43:31,120 to her in order to annex Scotland. 370 00:43:32,500 --> 00:43:34,640 But Mary paid them no heed. 371 00:43:55,980 --> 00:44:00,620 At 17, Mary Stewart saw that she was no longer welcome in the court of France. 372 00:44:06,900 --> 00:44:13,300 After hesitating for seven months, Mary decided to set out for Scotland, a 373 00:44:13,300 --> 00:44:18,760 country she didn't know, having left aged five, and whose language she hadn't 374 00:44:18,760 --> 00:44:20,160 spoken in several years. 375 00:44:20,760 --> 00:44:23,800 Mary's return would prove to be very unexpected. 376 00:44:25,770 --> 00:44:27,710 She cried throughout the crossing. 377 00:44:28,170 --> 00:44:33,130 Could she sense already that the land she once loved would once again descend 378 00:44:33,130 --> 00:44:34,290 into bloody war? 379 00:44:35,050 --> 00:44:38,210 And that a tragic fate awaited her in Scotland?